Source apportionment of PM2.5 before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal.

The lockdowns held due to the COVID-19 pandemic conducted to changes in air quality. This study aimed to understand the variability of PM2.5 levels and composition in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and to identify the contribution of the different sources. The composition of PM2.5 was assessed for 24 elements (by PIXE), secondary inorganic ions and black carbon. The PM2.5 mean concentration for the period (December 2019 to November 2020) was 13 ± 11 µg.m-3. The most abundant species in PM2.5 were BC (19.9%), SO4 2- (15.4%), NO3 - (11.6%) and NH4 + (5.3%). The impact of the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on the PM levels was found by comparison with the previous six years. The concentrations of all the PM2.5 components, except Al, Ba, Ca, Si and SO4 2-, were significantly higher in the winter/pre-confinement than in post-confinement period. A total of seven sources were identified by Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF): soil, secondary sulphate, fuel-oil combustion, sea, vehicle non-exhaust, vehicle exhaust, and industry. Sources were greatly influenced by the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, with vehicle exhaust showing the sharpest decrease. Secondary sulphate predominated in summer/post-confinement. PM2.5 levels and composition also varied with the types of air mass trajectories.

Amygdalar corticotropin-releasing factor mediates stress-induced anxiety.

The extended amygdala, including the Central nucleus of the Amygdala (CeA) and the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST), is a complex structure that plays a pivotal role in emotional behavior. The CeA and the BNST are highly interconnected, being the amygdala traditionally more associated with fear and the BNST with anxiety. Yet, studies using excitotoxic lesions also show the involvement of the CeA in the development of stress-induced anxiety. Likewise, others have also highlighted the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide highly expressed in CeA, as an anxiogenic factor and, consequently, important for in anxiety disorders. Here, we used an inducible RNAi lentiviral system to assess the effects of reducing CRF expression in CeA in the development of anxiety-like behavior in a model of Chronic Unpredictable Stress. In addition, we evaluated CRF RNAi-mediated alterations in the stress-triggered molecular signature in the BNST. Knockdown of CRF in the CeA decreased stress-induced anxiety levels. No differences were found in a fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Additionally, we observed that stress-induced alterations in the expression of CRF receptors within the BNST are attenuated by CRF knockdown in the CeA. These results emphasize the importance of the role that amygdalar CRF plays in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior and in the molecular signature of stress in the BNST.

Role of laterodorsal tegmentum projections to nucleus accumbens in reward-related behaviors.

The laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) is associated with reward considering that it modulates VTA neuronal activity, but recent anatomical evidence shows that the LDT also directly projects to nucleus accumbens (NAc). We show that the majority of LDT-NAc inputs are cholinergic, but there is also GABAergic and glutamatergic innervation; activation of LDT induces a predominantly excitatory response in the NAc. Non-selective optogenetic activation of LDT-NAc projections in rats enhances motivational drive and shifts preference to an otherwise equal reward; whereas inhibition of these projections induces the opposite. Activation of these projections also induces robust place preference. In mice, specific activation of LDT-NAc cholinergic inputs (but not glutamatergic or GABAergic) is sufficient to shift preference, increase motivation, and drive positive reinforcement in different behavioral paradigms. These results provide evidence that LDT-NAc projections play an important role in motivated behaviors and positive reinforcement, and that distinct neuronal populations differentially contribute for these behaviors.

Evidence for lack of direct causality between pain and affective disturbances in a rat peripheral neuropathy model.

Chronic pain is frequently accompanied by the manifestation of emotional disturbances and cognitive deficits. While a causality relation between pain and emotional/cognitive disturbances is generally assumed, several observations suggest a temporal dissociation and independent mechanisms. We therefore studied Sprague-Dawley rats that presented a natural resistance to pain manifestation in a neuropathy model (spared nerve injury [SNI]) and compared their performance in a battery of behavioral paradigms-anxiety, depression and fear memory-with animals that presented a pain phenotype. Afterward, we performed an extensive volumetric analysis across prefrontal, orbitofrontal and insular cortical areas. The majority of SNI animals manifested mechanical allodynia (low threshold [LT]), but 13% were similar to Sham controls (high threshold [HT]). Readouts of spontaneous hypersensivity (paw flinches) were also significantly reduced in HT and correlated with allodynia. To increase the specificity of our findings, we segregated the SNI animals in those with left (SNI-L) and right (SNI-R) lesions and the lack of association between pain and behavior still remains. Left-lesioned animals, independent of the LT or HT phenotype, presented increased anxiety-like behaviors and decreased well-being. In contrast, we found that the insular cortex (agranular division) was significantly smaller in HT than in LT. To conclude, pain and emotional disturbances observed following nerve injury are to some extent segregated phenomena. Also, HT and LT SNI presented differences in insular volumes, an area vastly implicated in pain perception, suggesting a supraspinal involvement in the manifestation of these phenotypes.

Mild Prenatal Stress Causes Emotional and Brain Structural Modifications in Rats of Both Sexes.

Stress or high levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) during developmental periods is known to induce persistent effects in the neuroendocrine circuits that control stress response, which may underlie individuals' increased risk for developing neuropsychiatric conditions later in life, such as anxiety or depression. We developed a rat model (Wistar han) of mild exposure to unpredictable prenatal stress (PS), which consists in a 4-h stressor administered three times per week on a random basis; stressors include strobe lights, noise and restrain. Pregnant dams subjected to this protocol present disrupted circadian corticosterone secretion and increased corticosterone secretion upon acute stress exposure. Regarding progeny, both young adult (2 months old) male and female rats present increased levels of circulating corticosterone and hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to acute stress exposure. Both sexes present anxious- and depressive-like behaviors, shown by the decreased time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM) and in the light side of the light-dark box (LDB), and by increased immobility time in the forced swim test, respectively. Interestingly, these results were accompanied by structural modifications of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) and hippocampus, as well as decreased norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the BNST, and serotonin levels in the hippocampus. In summary, we characterize a new model of mild PS, and show that stressful events during pregnancy can lead to long-lasting structural and neurochemical effects in the offspring, which affect behavior in adulthood.

O pequeno Freud e o Complexo de Édipo / Little Freud and the Oedipus Complex / El pequeño Freud y el Complejo de Edipo

É inegável na experiência clínica que o destino de Édipo ecoa em cada paciente, pelo reconhecimento de seus desejos criminosos: o parricídio e o incesto. Este artigo faz um retorno ao complexo de Édipo a partir da análise feita por Freud de um sonho que teve aos sete ou oito anos de idade, em que reconhece em si os mesmos desejos proibidos que marcaram o destino de Édipo na tragédia de Sófocles.

It is undeniable in clinical experience that the fate of Oedipus echoes in each patient, for the recognition of his criminal desires: parricide and incest. This article makes a return to the Oedipus complex from Freud's analysis of a dream he had at the age of seven or eight, in which he recognized in himself the same forbidden desires that marked Oedipus's fate in Sophocles' tragedy.

Es innegable en la experiencia clínica que el destino de Edipo resuena en cada paciente, por el reconocimiento de sus deseos criminales: el parricidio y el incesto. Este artículo retorna al complejo de Edipo a partir del análisis que Freud hace de un sueño que tuvo a los siete u ocho años de edad, en que reconoce en sí los mismos deseos prohibidos que marcaron el destino de Edipo en la tragedia de Sófocles.

Pawedness Trait Test (PaTRaT)-A New Paradigm to Evaluate Paw Preference and Dexterity in Rats.

In rodents, dexterity is commonly analyzed in preference paradigms in which animals are given the chance to use either the left or the right front paws to manipulate food. However, paw preference and dexterity at population and individual levels are controversial as results are incongruent across paradigms. We have therefore developed a semi-quantitative method-the pawdeness trait test (PaTRaT)-to evaluate paw preference degree in rats. The PaTRaT consists in a classification system, ranging from +4 to -4 where increasingly positive and negative values reflect the bias for left or right paw use, respectively. Sprague-Dawley male rats were confined into a metal rectangular mesh cylinder, from which they can see, smell and reach sugared rewards with their paws. Due to its size, the reward could only cross the mesh if aligned with its diagonal, imposing additional coordination. Animals were allowed to retrieve 10 rewards per session in a total of four sessions while their behavior was recorded. PaTRaT was repeated 4 and 8 weeks after the first evaluation. To exclude potential bias, rats were also tested for paw fine movement and general locomotion in other behavioral paradigms as well as impulsivity (variable delay-to-signal, VDS), memory and cognitive flexibility (water maze). At the population level 54% of the animals presented a rightward bias. Individually, all animals presented marked side-preferences, >2 and <-2 for left- and right-sided bias, respectively, and this preference was stable across the three evaluations. Inter-rater consistency was very high between two experienced raters and substantial when two additional inexperienced raters were included. Left- and right-biased animals presented no differences in the ability to perform fine movements with any of the forelimbs (staircase) and general locomotor performance. Additionally, these groups performed similarly in executive function and memory tasks. In conclusion, PaTRaT is able to reliably classify rats' pawedness direction and degree.

Impairments in laterodorsal tegmentum to VTA projections underlie glucocorticoid-triggered reward deficits.

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) activity is critical for reward/reinforcement and is tightly modulated by the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT). In utero exposure to glucocorticoids (iuGC) triggers prominent motivation deficits but nothing is known about the impact of this exposure in the LDT-VTA circuit. We show that iuGC-rats have long-lasting changes in cholinergic markers in the LDT, together with a decrease in LDT basal neuronal activity. Interestingly, upon LDT stimulation, iuGC animals present a decrease in the magnitude of excitation and an increase in VTA inhibition, as a result of a shift in the type of cells that respond to the stimulus. In agreement with LDT-VTA dysfunction, we show that iuGC animals present motivational deficits that are rescued by selective optogenetic activation of this pathway. Importantly, we also show that LDT-VTA optogenetic stimulation is reinforcing, and that iuGC animals are more susceptible to the reinforcing properties of LDT-VTA stimulation.

Freud, um pequeno Édipo? / Freud, a little Oedipus?

A obra magistral de Freud, que melhor permite atingir o cerne de seu pensamento, é, incontestavelmente, A interpretação dos sonhos (1900). Freud, ao interpretar os sonhos, se deparou com os mesmos desejos proibidos que marcaram o destino de Édipo na tragédia de Sófocles: o parricídio e o incesto. A partir da análise que Freud faz de um sonho que teve aos sete ou oito anos de idade, em que reconhece nele seu desejo incestuoso pela mãe, discutiremos as primeiras formulações sobre o que viria a ser estabelecido como complexo de Édipo(AU)

Freud’s masterly work, which best achieves the heart of his thought, is undoubtedly The Interpretation of Dreams (1900). Freud, in interpreting his dreams, encountered the same forbidden desires that marked Oedipus’ fate in Sophocles’ tragedy: parricide and incest. From Freud’s analysis of a dream he had at the age of seven or eight years, in which he recognized his incestuous desire for his mother, we will discuss the earliest formulations of what was to be established as an Oedipus complex(AU)

Activation of D2 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens increases motivation.

Striatal dopamine receptor D1-expressing neurons have been classically associated with positive reinforcement and reward, whereas D2 neurons are associated with negative reinforcement and aversion. Here we demonstrate that the pattern of activation of D1 and D2 neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) predicts motivational drive, and that optogenetic activation of either neuronal population enhances motivation in mice. Using a different approach in rats, we further show that activating NAc D2 neurons increases cue-induced motivational drive in control animals and in a model that presents anhedonia and motivational deficits; conversely, optogenetic inhibition of D2 neurons decreases motivation. Our results suggest that the classic view of D1-D2 functional antagonism does not hold true for all dimensions of reward-related behaviours, and that D2 neurons may play a more prominent pro-motivation role than originally anticipated.

Capitalismo e angústia / Capitalism and anguish / Capitalismo y angustia / Capitalisme et angoisse

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre possíveis relações que se estabelecem entre a angústia e os impactos da normatividade social sobre as subjetividades. Em nossos dias, o capitalismo, aliado à ciência moderna, caracteriza-se não só pela definição autoritária de políticas econômicas, mas também por mecanismos gestionais que regulam e afetam a constituição dos indivíduos, estimulando a emergência de diferentes formas de manifestação da angústia, tais como estresse, pânico, desamparo, traumatismo e depressão, que se caracterizam particularmente pelo silencio do sujeito frente ao sentimento de perda de horizontes estáveis de referência, ou seja, pelo sofrimento sem endereço, sem Outro. Recorremos à psicanálise e a algumas ideias de Giorgio Agamben sobre o capitalismo de hoje para discutirmos essas questões, assim como sobre as possibilidades de a psicanálise e a arte serem consideradas modos particulares de confronto com esses fatos civilizatórios que exacerbam a angústia, colocando-se, portanto, na contramão dos interesses capitalistas.

This paper presents a reflection on possible relationships established between anxiety and the impact of social norms on subjectivities. Nowadays, capitalism, combined with modern science is characterized not only by the authoritative definition of economic policies, but also by gestionais mechanisms that regulate and affect the constitution of individuals, encouraging the emergence of different forms of distress manifestation, such as stress, panic, helplessness, trauma and depression, which are particularly characterized by the silence of the subject facing the feeling of loss of stable horizons of reference, i.e., by suffering with no address, no Another. We resort to psychoanalysis and some Giorgio Agamben's ideas about the capitalism today to discuss these issues, as well as the possibilities of psychoanalysis and art to consider specific ways of confronting these civilizational facts that exacerbate the anxiety ­ placing itself against the capitalist interests.

Este trabajo presenta una reflexión acerca de posibles relaciones que se establecen entre la angustia y los impactos de la normatividad social sobre las subjetividades. En nuestros días, el capitalismo, aliado a la ciencia moderna, se caracteriza no solo por la definición autoritaria de políticas económicas, pero también por mecanismos de gestión que regulan e influyen en la constitución de los individuos, estimulando la emergencia de distintas formas de manifestación de la angustia, tales como estrés, pánico, desamparo, traumatismo y depresión, las cuales se caracterizan por el silencio del sujeto ante el sentimiento de pérdida de horizontes estables de referencia, es decir, por el sufrimiento sin ubicación , sin otro. Recurrimos a la psicoanálisis y a algunas ideas de Giorgio Agamben acerca del capitalismo de hoy para discutirnos estas cuestiones, así como las posibilidades de la psicoanálisis y el arte sean consideradas particulares modos de confronto con estos hechos civilizatorios que aumentan la angustia ­ poniéndose, por lo tanto, a la contraria de los intereses capitalistas.

Cet article présente une réflexion sur des relations possibles qui s'établissent entre l'angoisse et les impacts dans la normativité sociale sur les subjectivités. Aujourdh'ui, le capitalisme, lié à la science moderne, se caractérise non seulement par la définition autoritaire des politiques économiques, mais aussi par les mécanismes gestionnaires qui règlent et touchent la constitution de individus, en stimulant l'urgence de différentes manières de manifestation d'angoisse : stress, panique, abandon, traumatisme et dépression, lesquelles se caractérisent par le silence du sujet face au sentiment de perte des horizons stables de référence, c'est à-dire, par la souffrance sans adresse, sans l'Autre. On prend des références de la psychanalyse et de quelques idées de Giorgio Agamben à propos du capitalisme d'aujourd'hui à fin de discuter cettes questions et aussi les possibilités de la psychanalyse et de l'art être considérées comme moyan particulier de confronter ces faits civilisatoires qui exaspèrent l'angoisse ­ restant, donc, en face des intérêts capitalistes.

Um "homem calculável"? / A "calculable man"? / Un "hombre calculable"?

A Psicanálise, na medida em que ganha espaço como um discurso explicativo do comportamento humano e dos laços sociais é confrontada com a necessidade de pensá-los como registros em que a transmissão simbólica pode e deve ocorrer. Como ser de linguagem, o homem pode transmitir as marcas simbólicas constitutivas de sua cultura, tendo em vista encontrar nela o seu lugar. A técnica e a tecnologia, que fazem parte deste legado, vêm sendo priorizadas no âmbito dos vários níveis do ensino. Sustentamos que a educação não pode ser reduzida a elas, já que a transmissão simbólica ultrapassa em muito uma formação cujo objetivo seja o ensino de competências técnicas produtoras do que denominamos de "homem calculável".(AU)

Psychoanalysis, to the extent that it is gaining ground as an explanatory discourse of human behavior and, therefore, social relations, even referring to those in the field of school education, is confronted, at every moment, with the need to think them while records in which the symbolic transmission can and should occur. As linguistic beings, humans can systematize and transmit the constitutive symbolic marks of their culture, in order to find their place in it. The technique and technology, which are part of this legacy, have been prioritized within the various levels of education. This paper argues that education cannot be reduced to them. The symbolic transmission, inherent and necessary to education, goes far beyond a vocational training to teaching/learning technical skills, producing what could be considered a "calculable man".(AU)

En la medida en que gana terreno como un discurso explicativo de la conducta humana y, por lo tanto, de las relaciones sociales, incluso de los del campo de la educación escolar, el Psicoanálisis se enfrenta, en cada momento, a la necesidad de pensar en ellos como registros donde puede y debe ocurrir la transmisión simbólica. Como un ser del lenguaje, el hombre puede organizar y transmitir los signos simbólicos constitutivos de su cultura, con el fin de encontrar su lugar. La técnica y la tecnología, que son partes de este legado, se han priorizado dentro de los diversos niveles de educación. Este artículo sostiene que la educación no puede reducirlos. La transmisión simbólica de la cultura inherente y necesaria a la educación va mucho más allá de una formación profesional, que al tener sus metas de enseñanza/aprendizaje de carácter técnico, sería productora de lo que podría considerarse "un hombre calculable".(AU)

Um "homem calculável"? / A "calculable man"? / Un "hombre calculable"?

A Psicanálise, na medida em que ganha espaço como um discurso explicativo do comportamento humano e dos laços sociais é confrontada com a necessidade de pensá-los como registros em que a transmissão simbólica pode e deve ocorrer. Como ser de linguagem, o homem pode transmitir as marcas simbólicas constitutivas de sua cultura, tendo em vista encontrar nela o seu lugar. A técnica e a tecnologia, que fazem parte deste legado, vêm sendo priorizadas no âmbito dos vários níveis do ensino. Sustentamos que a educação não pode ser reduzida a elas, já que a transmissão simbólica ultrapassa em muito uma formação cujo objetivo seja o ensino de competências técnicas produtoras do que denominamos de "homem calculável".

Psychoanalysis, to the extent that it is gaining ground as an explanatory discourse of human behavior and, therefore, social relations, even referring to those in the field of school education, is confronted, at every moment, with the need to think them while records in which the symbolic transmission can and should occur. As linguistic beings, humans can systematize and transmit the constitutive symbolic marks of their culture, in order to find their place in it. The technique and technology, which are part of this legacy, have been prioritized within the various levels of education. This paper argues that education cannot be reduced to them. The symbolic transmission, inherent and necessary to education, goes far beyond a vocational training to teaching/learning technical skills, producing what could be considered a "calculable man".

En la medida en que gana terreno como un discurso explicativo de la conducta humana y, por lo tanto, de las relaciones sociales, incluso de los del campo de la educación escolar, el Psicoanálisis se enfrenta, en cada momento, a la necesidad de pensar en ellos como registros donde puede y debe ocurrir la transmisión simbólica. Como un ser del lenguaje, el hombre puede organizar y transmitir los signos simbólicos constitutivos de su cultura, con el fin de encontrar su lugar. La técnica y la tecnología, que son partes de este legado, se han priorizado dentro de los diversos niveles de educación. Este artículo sostiene que la educación no puede reducirlos. La transmisión simbólica de la cultura inherente y necesaria a la educación va mucho más allá de una formación profesional, que al tener sus metas de enseñanza/aprendizaje de carácter técnico, sería productora de lo que podría considerarse "un hombre calculable".

Dopaminergic modulation of affective and social deficits induced by prenatal glucocorticoid exposure.

Prenatal stress or exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) can impair specific neurobehavioral circuits leading to alterations in emotional processes later in life. In turn, emotional deficits may interfere with the quality and degree of social interaction. Here, by using a comprehensive behavioral approach in combination with the measurement of ultrasonic vocalizations, we show that in utero GC (iuGC)-exposed animals present increased immobility in the forced swimming test, pronounced anhedonic behavior (both anticipatory and consummatory), and an impairment in social interaction at different life stages. Importantly, we also found that social behavioral expression is highly dependent on the affective status of the partner. A profound reduction in mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission was found in iuGC animals, suggesting a key role for dopamine (DA) in the etiology of the observed behavioral deficits. Confirming this idea, we present evidence that a simple pharmacological approach-acute L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (L-DOPA) oral administration, is able to normalize DA levels in iuGC animals, with a concomitant amelioration of several dimensions of the emotional and social behaviors. Interestingly, L-DOPA effects in control individuals were not so straightforward; suggesting that both hypo- and hyperdopaminergia are detrimental in the context of such complex behaviors.

Glucocorticoid programing of the mesopontine cholinergic system.

Stress perception, response, adaptation, and coping strategies are individually distinct, and the sequel of stress and/or glucocorticoids (GCs) is also distinct between subjects. In the last years, it has become clear that early life stress is a powerful modulator of neuroendocrine stress-responsive circuits, programing intrinsic susceptibility to stress, and potentiating the appearance of stress-related disorders such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. Herein we were interested in understanding how early life experiences reset the normal processing of negative stimuli, leading to emotional dysfunction. Animals prenatally exposed to GCs (in utero glucocorticoid exposure, iuGC) present hyperanxiety, increased fear behavior, and hyper-reactivity to negative stimuli. In parallel, we found a remarkable increase in the number of aversive 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in response to an aversive cue. Considering the suggested role of the mesopontine tegmentum cholinergic pathway, arising from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), in the initiation of 22 kHz vocalizations and hypothetically in the control of emotional arousal and tone, we decided to evaluate the condition of this circuit in iuGC animals. Notably, in a basal situation, iuGC animals present increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression in the LDT and PPT, but not in other cholinergic nuclei, namely in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. In addition, and in accordance with the amplified response to an adverse stimulus of iuGC animals, we found marked changes in the cholinergic activation pattern of LDT and PPT regions. Altogether, our results suggest a specific cholinergic pathway programing by prenatal GC, and hint that this may be of relevance in setting individual stress vulnerability threshold.

Quem tem medo do ready-made? Psicanálise, interpretação e arte contemporânea / Who’s afraid of ready-made? Psychoanalysis,interpretation and contemporary art

Este artigo discute a orientação de Lacan para o trabalho de interpretação à luz de sua surpreendente afirmação: A interpretação é o ready made, Marcel Duchamp [...], na conferência A terceira, de 1974. Com esta “definição” da interpretação, Lacan não só radicaliza a sua crítica à perspectiva hermenêutica da interpretação, como ratifica a ideia do equívoco como sendo o seu paradigma. O ready-made, pelo fato de mostrar silenciosamente o que é um objeto, ou a falta essencial que habita e sustenta todo objeto, esclarece que é jogando com as palavras de forma provocativa que se pode ir além do deciframento dos significantes primordiais, sem, contudo, “engordar os sintomas com significados”.(AU)

This article discusses Lacan’s orientation for the work of interpretationin light of his amazing statement: Interpretation is the ready-made, Marcel Duchamp […], made in the conference The third, in 1974. With this definition of interpretation, not only does Lacan radicalize his criticism to the hermeneutic perspectiveof the interpretation, but also ratifies the idea of having equivocation as his paradigm. For the fact of silently showing what an object is, or the essential lack which inhabits and sustains any object, the ready-made makes it clear that it is playing with words in a provocative way that one can go beyond the deciphering of the primordial signifiers without, however, “fattening the symptoms with meanings”.(AU)

A Poética de Francis Bacon / The Poetic of Francis Bacon

A partir da perspectiva psicanalítica, a autora aborda a obra de Francis Bacon se utilizando de uma concepção estética que a reconhece como uma realidade ontológica. Dessa forma, considera que como obra de arte, são seus próprios elementos constitutivos, numa tensão interna, que são capazes de provocar efeitos ou as sensações que são o seu objetivo último conforme defendia Bacon. Em sua análise a autora examina e discute a dialética "tempo - espaço", revelada pelo poeta pintor, como sendo de especial interesse para a clínica psicanalítica na medida em que esclarece importantes questões relativas ao Real como impossível, tal como o compreendeu Lacan. A pintura de Bacon examinada como referência à "sublimação criacionista da pulsão de morte" permite, segundo a autora, vislumbrarmos o para além da cadeia significante. Conclui que a arte, assim como a clínica psicanalítica, supõe deslocamentos subjetivos que implicam corte - rompimento com a tendência unificadora e pacificadora de Eros.

From the psychoanalytic perspective, the author discusses the work of Francis Bacon by using a aesthetic conception that recognizes it as an ontological reality. Thus, consider that as a work of art, their own constituents, in internal tension, are capable of causing effects or sensations that are its ultimate goal as advocated by Bacon. In his analysis, the author examines and discusses the dialectic "time - space," revealed by the poet/painter, as being of particular interest to the psychoanalytic clinic once itt clarifies important issues related to Real as impossible, as Lacan understood. Bacon's painting examined by reference to the "creationist sublimation of the death drive" allows us, according to the author, to glimpse beyond the significant chain. The author concludes that art, like the psychoanalytic clinic, assumes subjective displacements implies in cutting - breaking with the trend of an Eros that unifies and pacifies.

Desejo e aprendizagem / Desire and interpretation

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre as implicações do desejo no processo escolar de aprendizagem. Trabalha-se, portanto uma articulação entre a psicanálise e a educação em que se toma como referência o sujeito da psicanálise em sua constituição linguageira e edipiana, focalizando-se as suas relações com o conhecimento(AU)

This work presents a reflection on the implications of desire in the school learning process, using as basis the idea of a link between psychoanalysis and education. Our reference is the subject of psychoanalysis with his language and oedipus constitution, focusing on his relationships with school knowledge(AU)

Um retorno à relação psicanálise-educação em Freud / Going back to psychoanalyses-education

Este texto apresenta as ideias de Freud sobre a educação ao longo de sua obra de forma crítica. Ao contrário do que se apregoa sob a influência das concepções de Millot em Freud antipedagogo (1987), que se poderia constatar a existência de um certo pessimismo de Freud quanto ao poder do trabalho educativo, considera-se que este autor sempre apostou em uma educação que abra os caminhos para o sujeito experimentar o mundo, estimule o desejo de saber, que possa reacender o desejo; uma educação, portanto, avessa a qualquer trabalho de doutrinação(AU)

This text presents Freud's ideas regarding education throughout his work in a critical manner. Contrary to what is said under the influence of Millot's conceptions in Freud antipedagogo (1987), that the existence of certain pessimism by Freud regarding the power or educational work could be observed, it's considered that this author has always bet on an education that paves the way for the individual to experience the world, stimulates the desire of acquiring knowledge, that might relight the desire, an education, therefore, contrary to any indoctrination work(AU)

Pesquisa-intervenção: nas malhas do desconhecido - Uma experiência de transicionalidade no espaço escolar

Este artigo tem como objetivo focalizar um dos aspectos do desenvolvimento de um trabalho realizado em uma escola da Zona Sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com três turmas de jovens entre 14 e 16 anos de idade, tomando como contorno analítico a importância da não neutralidade do pesquisador e sua consequente influência para a percepção das demandas grupais e qualificação das possibilidades da expressão criativa com vistas ao reconhecimento do outro e facilitação do processo de elaboração da relação com o mundo externo. Nesse sentido, elegemos como viés a explanação de um dos cincos momentos do trabalho em questão, qual seja, o que trata especificamente do "fazer coletivo", experienciado através de um "fazer criativo". As ideias de D. W. Winnicott encontram aqui significação especial, principalmente no que tange aos seus conceitos "Objetos transicionais e fenômenos transicionais".(AU)

This article focuses on one of the aspects of a project carried out in a school located in the South Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, with three groups of young people between 14 and 16 years of age, taking as its analytical outline the importance of the researcher's non-neutrality and his / her consequent influence in the perception of group demands and in the qualification of the possibilities for creative expression, with a view towards the recognition of the other and the facilitation of the process of elaboration of the relationship with the external world. Thus, we choose as our viewpoint the explanation of one of the five moments of the project in question, which is to say, that which is specifically related to the "collective doing", experienced through a "creative doing". The ideas of D. W. Winnicott have special significance here, mainly regarding his concepts of "Transitional objects and transitional phenomena".(AU)